11 Domestic Animals that Originated in Asia

The Hall Of Washington Elementary Essay - 1042 Words

One August morning many few years ago, I was walking the halls of Washington elementary excited to be in fourth grade. Because that meant I could do the fun run fundraiser, where you run for thirty minutes around a track. The only main thing that stood in my way was the upper class the fifth grade. Although the record was twenty-six laps around the track, that didn t scare me to go after that record. It’s basically the one thing I have waited for since I was in first grade. It’s what made school fun for me. I wasn’t really smart at school because I never try. The only thing I love to do was to play sports all through elementary as well middle school. I grew up in a house with strong morals to do my best in school. But that didn t matter to me. Running for me was to escape the world that meant to me that nothing matter. No one can say anything to you or yell at you. when you re failing classes or why haven t you done your homework. That s how I fell in love with r unning. The day finally came when it was May the fun run fundraiser. It was hot mix with windy, I could still picture it in my head. I didn t want to run at all, but I couldn’t back out. We were raising money for new computers, and we sure needed it. There was only twenty-five of us running that day. I sure didn t know if I was going to make it to the end. The gun goes off, and dust storms up as we started running. Many of the fourth graders start dropping like flies after the second lap as we go.Show MoreRelatedFrancis Sumner s Father Of Black Psychology Essay1572 Words   |  7 Pagesthat he was colored† (â€Å"Francis Cecil Sumner†). As a child Sumner attended elementary school and three different States Plainfield, New Jersey; Washington, D.C.; and Norfolk, Virginia. Sumner’s father was unappeased with the caliber of prep school offered to African youth in the restricted schools available to coloreds (Francis Sumner, Max Meenes). 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Children in Foster Care Free-Samples for Students -Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Children in Foster Care need care to be saved from crime. Answer: Research Title Children in Foster Care need care to be saved from crime Research Question Are children in Foster Care prone to crime? Research Aims To establish that the children in foster care are abused, which necessitates measures of care to be taken to save them from such abuse. To examine the likelihood of the foster care children adopting a life of crime and wrongdoings. To identify the social needs, through which the children in foster care can be helped out, if the first two aims are established. Background and Significance The purpose of putting the children in foster care often stems from the need of protecting the children, particularly those, who have been treated wrongly by their birth families. Though, at times, the children who are under the foster care receive more harm than good (Johnson, 2005). This maltreatment of the kids in foster care has been studied in the past (Sanchez-Gomez, 2012). A focus was put on the response of the child welfare system to the reports of maltreatment by Carbino (1992; 1991), where she emphasized upon the requirement for the specific responses to the foster families as compared to the general population. The study conducted by McFadden and Ryan (1991) had a discussion over the incidence and nature of the children maltreatment in this system, which factored in the family and this welfare system for children actually contributed towards the maltreatment. An acknowledgement to the presence of abuse in foster care was given by Daly and Dowd (1992) and they even offered methods for producing an environment which was harm free for the children in foster care. Hobbs, Hobbs, and Wynne (1999) conducted a research in Leeds, England for a period of six years during 1990-1995 with regards to the medical reports which depicted alleged sexual and/or physical abuse. They discovered that that the foster children were seven to eight times more likely to be assessed to be abused in comparison to a child belonging to general population. Similar study was conducted by Poertner, Bussey, and Fluke (1999) in Illinois and they produced the findings that the percentage of abuse and neglect for the children in foster care ranged from 1.7% to 2.3% over a period of five years from July 1992 to June 1997. In their study, Spencer and Knudsen (1992) found that through 1984 to 1990, the child perpetrators were indulged in six percent of the foster home cases. It was found that physical abuse was the most likely form of maltreatment in the foster care homes and the rate of physical abuse was 9.31 for each 1000 children. And this rate for sexual abuse was 5.23 (Titt le, Poertner and Garnier, 2017). Children who grow up in such environment become prone to a range of risks, which increase their vulnerability towards both behavioral and the development problems (Cicchetti, 2016). The children have to face neglect, abuse, disrupted and dysfunctional family situations, and chronic poverty. Such problems predispose them to delinquency and juvenile conduct issues, which if not remedied, could persist in their adulthood and thus obstruct them in being productive humans (Loeber and Stouthamer-Loeber, 1986; Widom, 1989; Cunha, Heckman and Schennach, 2010). Nisenbaum (2013) believed that such children pose a major challenge for the providers of children welfare. And due to these challenges it is crucial that policy responses are developed and continued to deal with the complex treatment requirement of such kids who have been placed under the foster care, and also the need to evaluate the services which already exist. The use of foster care has increased manifolds in the recent years in the Western nations. For instance, in US, from 1985 to 1999, the foster care cases were increased by more than double, from being at 276,000 to being at 568,000 (Swann and Sylvester, 2006). It was estimated that for 2006, 3.6 million of the children in US, were in contact with Child Protective Services and a high range of them were placed in foster care (Berger et al., 2009). From 1980 to 2012, in Sweden, the number of cases in foster care increased from 14,000 to 29,600. However, the literature with regards to the empirical policies has not kept pace with regards to the tendency of such children falling in criminal line (Lindquist and Santavirta, 2014). A noteworthy study which linked the criminality with the abuses which the children face in foster care was carried by Lindquist and Santavirta (2014), where they held that there was a higher adult criminality for the males who were placed in the foster care between the ages of 13 to 18. Though, this association was absent for the boys who were placed in the foster care before they reached 13 and this link was entirely absent for the girls, irrespective of their age. In the study conducted by McHugh (2013), it was revealed that in Australia, the placement of Aboriginal children proved to be a difficult task. Methodology and Methods This section denotes the approach which would be taken to undertake the study, so as to attain the aims established. The design of this research would be exploratory qualitative study, where the question of this research would be explored upon and a conclusive result would be reached at. And due to the same being an exploratory research, the aims are open to not being attained or the direction of the research being changed, due to new insights and new data revelation. Further the approach of this research is inductive approach, where the research question has been formed at the very beginning of the research and the same is concentrated about finding if the children who are in foster care are prone to crime on them and consequently, indulge in the line of crime. The research philosophy of would be based on phenomenology, as this study necessitates that the subjective human interests are taken into account and that instead of hard data, the human interests are relied upon. The research method for this study would involve two separate methods. So, the data would be collected on the basis of both primary and secondary data. In other words, the first method would be the data collection and data analysis, so the data would be collected through questionnaires, interviews and the like. And the second method would be an analysis of the material which has already been published, for instance, newspapers, journals, online portals, books and magazines. For the purpose of this study, interviews would be undertaken with the children in foster care, the foster care providers, the volunteers, and the authorities. This would help in gaining a qualitative insight to the problem which is being raised through this side. This would be in addition to a questionnaire, which would have to be filled by same group of people out of which some were selected for the interview. Based on the data collected from here, a decision would be reached which could be in conformity with the aims or may prove them wrong. The interview which would be scheduled would cover a range of topics and would take place at common grounds, like school, hospital or the like. The interview would be initiated by asking about how the children reached into their care and would then move towards a range of open ended questions. This would help in attaining such details which are present practically. And in order to ensure that details are given properly, throughout the interview, the person being interviewed would be comforted and assured that the data would be safe and that their names or other details would not be revealed. Prompts would also be used in the interview so as to gain responses. Some of the areas which would be included in both the interview and the questionnaire include the relationship in the family and the arrangement for access or contact; the financial support; services and support with regards to the health and education of the children; and issues with regards to the Aboriginal foster carers. Before the interview is conducted, the children specially would be counseled by an expert counselor, who can detect cases of abuses and provide the necessary comfort to the children, so that they can open up about the if they have been abused and the manner in which it took place, along with it frequency. They would not only be asked about their abuses, but the abuses which are common in their friend circle and in their neighborhood. This would enable the collection of data in such a manner where even if a particular child is unable to tell their own issues, they can use the name of a person in neighborhood and portray their issues; or might actually raise a genuine problem in the neighborhood or in their friend circle. The questionnaire for the children would be confidential so that their anonymity is maintained. The data collection through exploratory qualitative study would not be the only aspect undertaken under this study. A literature review would also be conducted in this regard where the preexisting literature will be evaluated. The literature of different time periods would be analyzed to examine the changes in the patters of this problem. Further, the literature would not be restricted to Australia, but would cover the same across the globe, so as to gain an understanding to this being a far reaching problem. However, a specific emphasis would be made at the foster care system of Australia, so as to conduct a research which is related to the nation and can help in identifying the position of the nation in this regard, in comparison to the nations across the globe. The source for literature review would be a mix of journal articles, newspapers, magazines, books and even the online articles placed by leading academicians. Sample For the interviews, ten of each would be interviewed, i.e., children in foster care, the foster care providers, and the volunteers; however, for the authorities, the number would be twenty. The volunteers would be personally interviewed by the research conductor, i.e., by me. The foster care providers would be interview by the research conductor and a volunteer, who has not been included in this study. The children in foster care would be interviewed by the research conductor and a counselor so as to enable a free flow of information. The authorities would solely be interviewed by the research conductor would contain a mix of health care professionals, police officers, and the foster care authorities of the particular region. So, the interview would be conducted for a total of 50 people. The questionnaire would be drawn in both online and offline form, to enable ease of access. The questionnaire would be simple, so that it can be easily filled and the foster care children would be provided with help for filling out the questionnaire, away from their foster parents. The sample size for the questionnaire would be the same as interview. Though, for this purpose, the people who were interviewed would not be repeated. A range of data would be analyzed for the literature review, and there would be no restrictions with regards to the dates of the data collected. This is to enable the analyzing of the literatures, which would help in giving a historical background to this problem, along with its present day standing. Moreover, the data would not be limited to Australia, but to the nations across the globe, especially the developed nations. Ethics The most important part of any research is the ethical considerations associated with it. The ten principles of ethical considerations which have been given by Bryman and Bell (2007) would be adopted for the purpose of research. Accordingly, it would be ensured that the participants of this research are not subjected to any harm in any manner. The dignity of the participants of this research would be respected and this would be the top priority. The full consent of the participants of this research would be obtained. The data which is collected from the participants of this research would be protected and the privacy of the same would be maintained. Along with this, it would be ensured that an adequate level of confidentiality has been maintained. It would also be ensured that the participants of this research are allowed to maintain their anonymity, whether they are the authorities or the foster care children. It would also be kept in mind that no exaggeration or deception of the da ta, objectives or aims of this research has been undertaken. All the communications which are undertaken for the purpose of this research would be done in a transparent and honest manner. And any such information which is misleading or gives a false representation of the data collected would be avoided, along with any prejudice or biasness to the data or towards the participants of this research. It would be ensured that there is a voluntary participation of the participants of this research. Further, any unacceptable, derogatory, discriminatory, or offensive language would be avoided at all costs during the interviews and even in the questionnaire. Most importantly, it would be ensured that the highest level of objectively is maintained throughout this research and that the emotions are not allowed to cloud the conducting of this research. References Berger, L.M. et al. (2009) Estimating the impact of out-of-home placement on child well-being: approaching the problem of selection bias. Child Development, 80 (6), pp. 18561876. Bryman, A., and Bell, E. (2007) Business Research Methods. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Carbino, R. (1991) Advocacy for foster families in the United States facing child abuse allegations: How social agencies and foster parents are responding to the problem. Child Welfare, 70 (2), pp. 131149. Carbino, R. (1992) Policy and practice for response to foster families when child abuse or neglect is reported. Child Welfare, 71 (6), pp. 497509. Cicchetti, D. (2016) Developmental Psychopathology, Developmental Neuroscience. 3rd ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Cunha, F., Heckman, J.J., Schennach, S.M. (2010) Estimating the technology of cognitive and noncognitive skill formation. Econometrica, 78 (3), pp. 883931. Daly, D. L., and Dowd, T. P. (1992) Characteristics of effective, harm-free environments for children in out-of-home care. Child Welfare, 71 (6), pp. 487496. Hobbs, G. F., Hobbs, C. J., and Wynne, J. M. (1999) Abuse in foster and residential care. Child Abuse Neglect, 23 (12), pp. 12391252. Johnson, H. (2005) Literature Review of Foster Care. [Online] Child Rights International Network. Available from: https://www.crin.org/en/docs/literature%20review%20of%20foster%20care.pdf [Accessed on: 15/06/17] Lindquist, M.J., and Santavirta, T. (2014) Does placing children in foster care increase their adult criminality? Labour Economics, 31, pp. 72-83. Loeber, R., and Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986) Family factors as correlates and predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In: Tonry, M., and Morris, N. (eds.) Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research. Chicago: University Chicago Press. McFadden, E. J., and Ryan, P. (1991) Maltreatment in family foster homes: Dynamics and dimensions. Child Youth Services, 15 (2), pp. 209231. McHugh, M. (2013) An exploratory study of risks to stability in foster and kinship care in NSW: final report. [Online] University of New South Wales. Available from: https://www.sprc.unsw.edu.au/media/SPRCFile/1_Exploratory_study_of_risks_to_stability_in_foster_and_kinship_care_in_NSW_Final_Report.pdf [Accessed on: 15/06/17] Nisenbaum, J. (2013) Residential services for youth impacted by family violence and trauma: implications for child welfare policy and practices. Journal of Family Violence, 28, pp. 751752. Poertner, J., Bussey, M., and Fluke, J. (1999) How safe are out-of-home placements? Children and Youth Services Review, 21 (7), pp. 549563. Sanchez-Gomez, M. (2012) Child Abuse In Foster Care: Risk Factors. [Online] California Polythechnic State University. Available from: https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1106context=socssp [Accessed on: 15/06/17] Spencer, J. W., and Knudsen, D. D. (1992) Out-of-home maltreatment: An analysis of risk in various settings for children. Children and Youth Services Review, 14, pp. 485492. Swann, C.A., and Sylvester, M.S. (2006) The foster care crisis: what caused caseloads to grow? Demography, 43, pp. 309335. Tittle, G., Poertner, J., and Garnier, P. (2017) Child Maltreatment in Foster Care: A Study of Retrospective Reporting. [Online] Child Rights International Network. Available from: https://cfrc.illinois.edu/pubs/rp_20010501_ChildMaltreatmentInFosterCareAStudyOfRetrospectiveReporting.pdf [Accessed on: 15/06/17] Widom, C. (1989) The cycle of violence. Science, 244, pp. 160166.

Operations Management Historical Development and Impacts

Introduction With the increasing competition in the manufacturing industry, many businesses have adopted the use of operations management which has been, over the years, a bridge towards a business’s success as well as the economic growth of a nation. It involves the absolute control of the use of resources and other raw materials and turning them into more valuable products. Businesses have, ever since, benefited from the use of the developments associated with the concept which has, consequently, seen great economic growth rates in many countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Management: Historical Development and Impacts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This concept began way back as manufacturing management after which it developed into operations management following the advancements of technological knowhow. The main idea of the concept, both traditional and advanced, is to promote the achievement of production goals within companies with as minimal struggle as possible. (Inman, 2011, p. 1) Historical development of Operations management The idea of operations management began in the eighteenth century as manufacturing management. An economist, Adam Smith, realized that specialization of labor could be very beneficial to any organizations economy. He therefore came up with the idea of breaking up jobs into sub units where only workers specialized in a certain field would take up the task not only to ensure efficient delivery of the task but also to further increase their skills (Kumar, and Suresh, 2009, p. 284). Early in the twentieth century, F. Taylor enforced this law which then resulted to the development of scientific management. Since then until in the early nineties, many developments were made based on the traditional of the operation. In 1776, Adam Smith developed the theory of specialization of labor in the manufacturing industry (Kumar, and Suresh, 2009 , p. 284). This was followed by development of cost accounting in 1799 by Eli Whitney among other scientists. Later in 1832, Charles Babbage developed division of labor and assigning of tasks depending on employees’ skills as well as the necessity of time management (Kumar, and Suresh, 2009, p. 284). From the scientific management of time, Frederick Taylor developed planning and work performance in the year 1900. Soon after, in 1900, Frank Gilbert came up with the motion of studying jobs (Wilson, 995, p. 87). This was followed by the development of techniques for scheduling of work for employees as well as the development of manufacturing jobs which required the use of machinery. These two developments were done by Henry Gantt in 1901. In 1915, F.W. Harris developed the use of inventory for economic controls. The human relations department was developed by Elton Mayo in 1927 (Kumar, and Suresh, 2009, p. 284). Following this development was the use of statistical information t o check and control the quality of various products by use of quality control charts.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This development was by W.A. Shewart in 1931. This contribution was further developed into sampling techniques to control quality of products and for inspection purposes in 1935 by H.F. Dodge and H.F. Roming. In 1946, a group of scientists among which was P.M. Blacker contributed in the application of operations research in the Second World War (Meredith, 2006, p. 189). A very significant contribution happened in 1946 when John Mauchlly and J.P. Eckert developed digital computers. Following the use of computers, G.B. Dantzig and William developed software for programming business operations in 1947. Linear mathematical programming was later developed in 1950 by two scientists, A. Charnes and W.W. Cooper. Since the initial digital computer was multipurpose, la rge scale computers were developed in 1951 by Sperry Univak to help in computation of data. Later in 1966, L. Cummings and L. Porter introduced organizational behavior whose aim was to continuously study people at workplace (Kumar, and Suresh, 2009, p. 284). In 1970, W. Skinner and J. Orlicky developed the incorporations of all operations in an organization into a unified strategy with common policies. In the same year, G Wright introduced the use of computers in the manufacturing industry alongside control and planning of required materials. In 1980, application of quality productivity was introduced by W.E. Deming from Japan (Kumar, and Suresh, 2009, p. 284). The term production management therefore was the term for since 1930s up to 2950s. Managers worldwide developed techniques for efficient manufacturing operations. From then, other scientists started studying sociology especially on human behavior in workplace while mathematical as well as computer scientists developed more ad vanced techniques for data analysis. With these new advancements, the name operations management came into be which put a lot of emphasis on expansion of the manufacturing sector. Emphasis was also put on production in the management practices rather than the usual analyzing duties (Johnston, 1998, p. 1). Impact of the development of operations management on business The development of these management operations has resulted to many positive impacts on businesses although some negative effects have been felt as well. Production in manufacturing industries has now been an organized activity where every sector of the factory has its own specialists. As a result, every sub system has an objective which it works towards achieving it. This has ensured efficiency in productivity with quality production of products.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Management: Historical Development and Impacts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the subsections operate together with the whole of the organization, it becomes easier to get feedback from all the sections concerning the activities involved (Lewis, 2003, p. 64). This has enabled the organizations to control and make necessary adjustments on the system performance. The system of classifying productions has made it possible for manufacturers to produce a given quantity of products for specific customers at a fixed cost and time which is beneficial to both the business and the customer. The idea of a job shop has been useful where there is a variety of products supplied to customers but in low volumes. Detailed planning of required materials has helped in determining the essential requirements of each product and consequently, priorities of orders by customers (Evans, 2005, p. 55). One of the major impacts of operations management is mass production where the manufacturing system operates in large volumes in terms of inputs as well as outp uts. This has mainly been made possible by the advancements of machinery where the machinery is arranged in a layout which allows automatic process of production. This has also enabled standardization of products to ensure quality maintenance. Mass production has been applied in many factories today especially those that involve large volume of productions within shorter periods of time. However, for mass production to be cost effective, flow of raw materials should be continuous to ease the process of controlling and planning the production operations (Paterson, 2000, p. 25). Mass production has also been beneficial in capacity utilization as machines are always outlined in a balanced manner. This has enabled businesses to utilize only a limited space but produce large volumes of products leading to increased profits. Only a few skilled operators are required to operate the machines and this has impacted businesses by reducing expenditures on salaries and wages. The cost of manufac turing a unit of products has reduced compared to production of small volumes of products. Basically, the major impacts of the development of operations management have been felt through mass production in many manufacturing businesses which is a very cost effective way of production (Mark, 2004, 340). Another significant impact of the development of operations management in manufacturing businesses is continuous production which is facilitated by the sequential arrangement of machines and other production equipments.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This has made the production process faster that it was before and this has helped many manufacturing businesses meet their customers’ requirements and orders in time. However, the production process is not flexible something which has made manufacturing businesses unable to accommodate changes in product manufacture especially on quantity. These operations developments have as well enabled businesses to provide quality products to their customers through the standardization of products. Manufacturing businesses have been enabled to satisfy the needs of their customers by producing quality products depending on the cost of production of a particular product. This way, customers get satisfied and the business obtains comfortable profits (Finch, 2006, p. 103). Through operations management, businesses have made use of right quantity production to prevent capital build up as well as shortage of products which would otherwise lead to lose of customers. In addition, planned produc tion of goods has enabled many manufacturing businesses to deliver the products in time to their customer since all the involved processes are in place at all times. Through production planning, manufacturing businesses have been in a better position to pre-determine the production cost prior to the actual manufacturing process. This has helped the businesses’ managements to make suitable decisions after comparing the cost of production to the expected inflow. Planning activities have also helped business to set goals and objectives with which to work on towards quality production. The operations development has promoted organization activities in businesses which have in return played a key role in achieving the set goals and objectives by specifying the role of every individual as well as determining authority and the responsibilities involved (Chase, 1999, p. 113). With the increasing competition in businesses especially in manufacturing firms, operations management has im pacted the global business environment. Manufacturing products (both goods and services) are now being delivered to distant locations because of the competitiveness of the products which have resulted from the advancements of the operations management. As a result, international manufacturing has been practiced by many businesses due to the globalization of the operations with many local manufacturing businesses producing goods specifically for the international markets rather than selling them locally (Chopra, 2006, p. 75). The chains of supplies have as well been affected with many businesses obtaining their economic inputs form all over the globe. Due to the ramifications involved in the manufacturing industry nowadays, specialized chains of supply for inputs have been developed to meet the ever rising demand for such services. Many businesses have now embraced the basic dimension of satisfying customers’ needs considering the competitive markets (Lowson, 2002, p. 619). Th is has resulted to understanding the values of customers and therefore putting into considerations the specific needs and preferences of customers. This understanding has promoting the manufacture of products or provision of service that makes the most of the customers’ needs. Another very key concern that businesses are now working on is the minimization of costs and utilization of resources with the objective of making maximum profits. Many businesses have also changed from the traditional ways of mass production to the approaches of producing goods on-demand (Jacob, 2001, p. 501). Conclusion The development of operations management has, no doubt, brought about significant advancements in the manufacturing industry. With the development of new production technologies and machinery, businesses have been able to affect their production activities. The definition of the role of management in production has as well promoted organization, planning and effective control of all pr oduction activities especially with the introduction of specialization and division of labor. The assignment of tasks to specific employees who have specialized in that particular field of production has been widely adopted to enhance quality product provision which would lead to customer satisfaction and consequently meet the competitive marketing requirements. Customer satisfaction should always be the key objective of any business while putting into considerations the profitability concerns. For this objective to be achieved, the management should be very careful in effective planning and organization of the production activities. Continuous availability of inputs is very essential in ensuring that all customers’ needs and orders are met within the specified time frame. The costs of products should as well be favorable to customers, failure to which a business is likely to lose its customers to other firms who are offering lower prices. However, the cost of production shou ld be considered when designing price limits to prevent loses by the business. It is therefore the role of the management to ensure smooth running of a business. Besides effective management, dedicated employees play a significant role by working towards the common goal of making the business a success. Proper implementation of the operations management is a close guarantee of any businesses’ success in today’s competitive world. Reference List Chase, R. (1999). Fundamentals of Operations Management. Boston. Irwin McGraw- Hill. Chopra, S. (2006). Managing Business Process Flows: Principles of Operations  Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Evans, J. (2005). Principles of Operation Management. New York. Barnes Noble. Finch, B. (2006). Operations Now. Boston. McGraw-Hill Irwin. Hendry, L. (2011). Innovative Development in Operations Management. Web. Inman, A. (2011). OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT. Web. Jacob, B. (2001). Operations Management for a Competitive A dvantage. Ninth Edition, McGraw-Irwin. Johnston, R. (1998). Service operations management: return to roots. Web. Kumar, S. and Suresh, N. (2009). Production and operations management. New age International publishers. Second Edition. Lewis, M. (2003). Operations Management. California. Wadsworth Publishing. Lowson, R. (2002). Strategic Operations Management: The New Competitive Advantage. New York. Routledge. Mark, R. (2004). A Framework for Operation Management: The Value Chain. International Journal of Operations and Production Management. Vol. 3, pp. 337-345. Meredith, J. (2006). The Evolution of the Intellectual Structure of Operations  Management. Journal of Operations Management. Vol. 27, pp. 185-202. Paterson, A. (2000). Manufacturing Operations and Strategic Flexibility: Survey and  Cases. International Journal of Operations and Production Management. Vol. 1, pp. 7-30. Wilson, J. (1995). An Historical Perspective on Operations Management. Production and Inventory Managem ent Journal. This essay on Operations Management: Historical Development and Impacts was written and submitted by user Vihaan Wilkinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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